Samuli Edvard Karjalainen

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A quick guide to the terms on this page.

The FCA: The Financial Conduct Authority is the UK's regulator for banking, lending, insurance, investments and payments. Senior staff at any authorised firm have to be approved by the FCA personally.
Approved individual: Someone the FCA has personally signed off to hold a senior role at an authorised firm — directors, compliance officers and similar. They're held accountable for the firm's conduct.
Controlled functions: The specific senior roles the FCA approves people to hold, like 'Compliance oversight' or 'Money laundering reporting'. Each approval is tied to a particular firm.
IRN: Individual Reference Number — the unique ID the FCA assigns to each approved person. It stays the same as they move between firms.

Information on this page is sourced from the official FCA register.